Vaginal cancer is rare, affecting about 1 in 100,000 women, with squamous cell carcinoma being the most common type. At the Susan F. Smith Center for Women’s Cancers at Dana-Farber Brigham Center, our team is dedicated to providing expert and comprehensive care for those diagnosed with vaginal cancer.
Our multidisciplinary team includes gynecologic oncology, surgery, pathology, medical and radiation oncology, nursing, genetics, infertility, sexual health, pharmacy, social work and palliative care. Together, we work to deliver the best possible care for each patient, using the latest research and treatment methods to diagnose vaginal cancer earlier, improve outcomes, and minimize the impact of treatments. Our efforts make us a trusted resource for patients and physicians worldwide.
What Is Vaginal Cancer?
Vaginal cancer is a rare type of cancer that starts in the lining of the vagina, the muscular tube connecting the uterus to the external genitals. It accounts for only about 2% of all gynecologic cancers. In most cases, cancer found in the vagina has spread from another part of the body, such as the cervix, uterus, or vulva.
This cancer is more common in people over 60 and those with HPV. It may not always cause symptoms, making regular pelvic exams and Pap smears important for early detection. If diagnosed early, when still confined to the vagina, treatment is more effective. However, once it spreads, it becomes much harder to treat.
Types of Vaginal Cancer
Squamous Cell Carcinoma: The most common type, making up about 90% of cases. It starts in the thin, flat cells lining the vagina. This cancer spreads slowly and usually stays in the vaginal area but can spread to surrounding organs such as the bladder or rectum or can metastases to the lungs, liver, or bones.
Adenocarcinoma: This cancer forms in glandular cells that produce fluids like mucus. It is more common after menopause and has a higher chance of spreading to the lungs and lymph nodes. A rare form, clear cell adenocarcinoma, affects some people exposed to the drug diethylstilbestrol (DES) before birth.
Melanoma and Sarcoma: These rare types account for about 2% to 3% of cases each. Melanoma typically appears in the lower or outer vagina, while sarcoma develops in deeper tissues.
