Prevention
- Avoid tobacco: Quitting smoking and other forms of tobacco use can greatly reduce the risk of developing oral and oropharyngeal cancer. If you need help to quit smoking, learn more about Brigham and Women’s Hospital’s Smoking Cessation Program.
- Limit alcohol: Drink alcohol in moderation to lower the risk of cancer.
- Get vaccinated: Getting vaccinated against the human papillomavirus (HPV) can reduce the risk of HPV-related mouth and throat cancers. All men and women ages 9 to 26 should be vaccinated for HPV. In some cases, adults up to 45 years old. Unvaccinated men and women over the age of 27 should talk to their doctor about their own individual cases.
- Healthy lifestyle: Maintain a balanced diet rich in fruits and vegetables. These foods contain antioxidants that can protect cells from damage.
- Sun protection: Use lip balm with SPF, wear wide brimmed hats, and avoid prolonged sun exposure to reduce the risk of cancer caused by UV exposure.
- Regular check-ups: Visit your dentist regularly to catch any potential signs of cancer early. Regular dental exams can help detect abnormal areas that might indicate cancer or precancerous changes.
Does the Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Cause Oral Cancer?
The human papillomavirus (HPV) epidemic has significantly increased over the past few decades, particularly affecting the throat area, also known as the oropharynx. Most throat and oropharyngeal cancers are now linked to chronic HPV infections. While only a small portion of all cancers of the mouth are directly associated with HPV, the Centers for Disease Control report that over 70 percent of oropharyngeal cancers (cancers developing in the middle part of the throat) in the U.S. are connected to this virus. In fact, HPV-positive oropharyngeal cancer is currently the fastest-growing type of head and neck cancer in the country.
How HPV Causes Cancer
HPV infection, especially with HPV type 16, is the most common cause of oropharyngeal cancer. This virus produces proteins that interfere with the genes controlling cell growth in the mouth and throat, leading to uncontrolled cell growth and tumor formation. The body often clears HPV infections on its own, but when it doesn’t, these infections can lead to cancer. The risk of developing cancer depends on the specific strain of HPV; for example, HPV 16 and HPV 18 are most commonly associated with head and neck cancers.
Vaccination and Prevention
Vaccines have been developed to protect against high-risk HPV infections. These vaccines are given in three doses over six months and are approved for both males and females aged nine to 26. These vaccines prevent HPV infection but do not treat existing infections. Thus, vaccinating adults who have likely already been exposed to the virus may not provide cancer protection. By getting vaccinated, you can significantly reduce your risk of developing HPV-related cancers. Talk to your doctor about what is the best option for you.
Learn more about how we test for HPV here.
Why get vaccinated for HPV? Learn more here.
