Risk Factors
The biggest risk factor for cervical cancer is infection with human papillomavirus (HPV), a common sexually transmitted virus. Almost 100% of cervical cancers are associated with HPV.
Other risk factors include:
- Smoking cigarettes
- Having many sexual partners, which may increase your risk of HPV
- Having a weakened immune system, such as having AIDS or taking medicines to suppress your immune system
Learn more about risk factors for cervical cancer.
Symptoms
In many cases, cervical cancer does not cause any symptoms until the disease is more advanced. That makes regular screening even more important.
Symptoms of cervical cancer may include:
- Abnormal menstrual bleeding
- Pain in the pelvic area or back
- Bleeding after sex
- Unusual vaginal discharge
Speak with your doctor if you have any new or changing symptoms. These symptoms can also be caused by other conditions, many of which are not cancer. Your doctor may check for those other possible conditions as well as for cervical cancer.
Prevention and Screening
Most cases of cervical cancer can be prevented with an HPV vaccine. The Quadrivalent vaccine protects against two strains of HPV that are responsible for 70% of high-grade dysplasia or cancer and the 9-Valent vaccine provides protection against 90% of cervical cancers caused by HPV. These vaccines are most effective when given between the ages of 9 and 12, though they can still provide protection for women up to age 26.
All women should also get routine screening, either with a Pap test, a Pap and HPV test, or an HPV alone test. Our specialists are transitioning to the HPV test, which is becoming the national standard because it determines your risk of developing pre-cancer or cervical cancer in the following years. Regular screening continues to be important for older women, as 20% of cervical cancer occurs in women ages 65 and older.
