Introduction
When people think of memory loss, they usually think of Alzheimer’s disease. However, memory loss can be a common symptom of many other medical issues including menopause, stress, fatigue, and depression. Memory loss can also occur with normal aging. It is important to understand the causes of memory loss, how you can address lapses in memory, and ways to determine the difference between common lapses in memory and conditions that require medical attention. This podcast featuring Dr. Aaron Nelson - Chief of Neuropsychology, Division of Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology at Brigham and Women’s Hospital, and the author of The Harvard Medical School Guide to Achieving Optimal Memory – will answer commonly asked questions about memory loss, what is normal and when you should seek help.
Exactly, what is memory?
Memory is the process of learning new information, storing it, and then retrieving that information. It entails a complex interaction of different brain functions that play a role in determining whether information will be stored for the short term or the long term. Not all memories are equal. Some are meant to be retained for only a moment and then discarded while others – those that are important or emotionally powerful - are stored in the brain forever. It is important and interesting to add that memories for events are dynamic – how we recall a specific event will change to some extent over time. There are several distinct brain systems involved with memory. Each system is designed to handle a specific type of information and each system involves different brain regions and circuits. The brain system that supports memory for factual information, for example, the capital city of Vermont, is different from the systems for remembering how to drive a car or for remembering what you did last weekend.
You mentioned that memory loss is a part of the natural aging process…
Difficulties with attention, learning, and recall are typical for people in middle age and older. Starting around 50, most people experience brain changes that affect memory and other cognitive functions. As you age, you become more prone to having difficulties with how quickly a memory is processed and the level of detail in a memory. Other brain functions are, for the most part, relatively unaffected by the aging process. These include the ability to focus and sustain attention, language, reasoning, creativity, wisdom, and procedural memories - such as riding a bike. To a large extent, how your brain ages depends on your genes.
Are there health conditions that impact memory?
Some illnesses that become more common with age can weaken memory, either directly or indirectly. Also, medications used to treat certain health conditions can impair memory or concentration. Some treatments for cancer, such as brain radiation, also can induce memory loss. Conditions that are risk factors for cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases – such as high cholesterol, high blood pressure, and diabetes – increase the risk of memory problems. Also, when the thyroid gland does not function properly – making your metabolism run too quickly or too slowly – it can interfere with learning and memory. Neurological disorders including Alzheimer’s disease, stroke, head trauma, Parkinson’s disease, Multiple Sclerosis, and chronic alcoholism can damage the brain and lead to memory loss and other types of cognitive dysfunction.
Is it true that stress can impact memory?
Psychological disorders, such as depression and post-traumatic stress disorder, as well as significant stress, can interfere with memory. Depression can make it difficult to concentrate, focus on details, and absorb new information. Some people who experience severe psychological trauma develop post-traumatic stress disorder and experience recurrent, intrusive, vivid memories of the traumatic event. These flashback memories are often terrifying and induce repeated acute stress responses. An acute stress response triggers the brain to release certain chemicals - otherwise known as the fight or flight response. If this occurs repeatedly, the chemicals can actually damage parts of the brain that are important for memory. Being under constant lower levels of stress also can cause this type of harm. So it is important to obtain treatment and find ways to push back against stress, for example, through developing effective psychological coping mechanisms, engaging in vigorous physical activity, meditation, and learning relaxation techniques.
Are there other ways to help prevent memory loss?
There are steps we can take to maintain or improve our brain function and memory recall. Just as you can reduce the number of wrinkles on your face by staying out of the sun, you can reduce some age-related changes in your brain and help prevent memory problems with good habits, such as eating a healthy diet, getting regular physical exercise, and challenging your brain by learning new things. A good night’s sleep also is essential for memory consolidation and to maintain optimal memory.
When is it time to see a doctor?
If you are concerned about your memory enough to wonder if something’s wrong, you should see your doctor – beginning with a consultation with your primary care physician. Your physician will most likely ask you about your symptoms, give you a thorough physical examination, and review your medications. Your doctor may also run tests for medical conditions that can cause or contribute to memory loss. Based on the findings from your initial check-up, your physician might refer you to a neuropsychologist, neurologist, psychiatrist, or other specialist for further evaluation and treatment.
Are there treatments for memory problems?
The search for treatments and medications has been gathering momentum for well over a decade, ever since the FDA approved the first drug for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. There is not yet a pill proven to conquer normal age-related memory loss, although there is certainly no shortage of herbal preparations that make this claim. Though there are good health habits and strategies that appear to strengthen the brain and enhance cognitive function. These include regular exercise, not smoking, moderating use of alcohol, taking vitamins, eating healthy, getting enough sleep, managing stress and being open to learning new things.
For more information, to make an appointment, or to learn more about the services and programs of Brigham and Women's Hospital, call 1-800-BWH-9999 or visit us at www.brighamandwomens.org.
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